The 2003 invasion of Iraq is contemporarily considered one of the largest foreign policy intelligence failures. The consensus even bridges long-withstanding partisan divides, which have invariably afflicted domestic foreign policy. However, what is not unanimous, is the exact contour of the intelligence failure. The following thesis investigates three mutually reinforcing knowledge assessment verticals which are believed to have failed in the lead up to 2003. First is the intelligence agencies’ failure to acquire accurate and precise information. Second is their inadequate assessment of potential institutional biases, and subsequent mischaracterization of uncertainty around their eventual inferences. Third is the imbalanced power dynamics that dictate who is given access to the information, and how - or what - information is being publicly disseminated.  The following report aims to use the 2003 invasion of Iraq as motivation for a broader analysis on the existing institutional design and coordination flaws presently governing U.S. foreign policy.

Today, the lack of private investment in Zambia mostly stems from highly-subsidized tariffs preventing the recovery of capital and operating costs (RECP, 2016). Therefore, in a first effort to guarantee private interest, the Ministry and ERB should remove all direct and in-direct subsidies and use cost-reflective tariffs (Owen, 2016). In 2015, the ERB estimated that on average tariffs would have to increase by 187% (Lusaka Times, 2017; RECP, 2018). On that account, the ERB should attenuate public disapproval by introducing the cost increase over one to two years. Additionally, subsidies (or lifeline tariffs) targeted to low-income consumers should be introduced to keep electricity affordable to them. To safeguard profit margins, the ERB can appropriately over-price large industry partners (e.g. mining sector) and cross-subsidize for low- income and last-mile customers. Finally, Zambia should also lean on external expertise when setting tariff schedules, to guarantee fairness and objectivity is maintained, as well as financial feasibility.